WEBVTT FILE

1
00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:15.000
I was born in Volvera on October 1 1926

2
00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:18.000
My name is Renata Novarese.

3
00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:24.000
I'm a simple woman from a poor family.

4
00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:27.000
We lost our mother when we were all little.

5
00:00:28.000 --> 00:00:30.000
Our father brought us up.

6
00:00:31.000 --> 00:00:33.000
Without too much fuss or bother.

7
00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:36.000
I still use the bed my father had.

8
00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.000
No buying baroque stuff for me.

9
00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.000
Anyhow, we grew up. There were eight of us.

10
00:00:44.000 --> 00:00:46.000
We always worked hard to get by.

11
00:00:47.000 --> 00:00:50.000
I started with the mules.

12
00:00:51.000 --> 00:00:57.000
I used to help my dad to take timber to Turin for the city gentlemen.

13
00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:00.000
I used to set off with the mule by night.

14
00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:05.000
Five or six loads used to go up from Volvera.

15
00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:08.000
They used to go to unload the timber and so on.

16
00:01:09.000 --> 00:01:18.000
Then the bombing started and we had to ease off a bit.

17
00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:26.000
At that time, my brothers were soldiers.

18
00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.000
They were both in the Alpine troops.

19
00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:34.000
One was doing national service, the other had been called up.

21
00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:46.000
I had taken the goats out to graze.

22
00:01:47.000 --> 00:01:52.000
One brother was doing his military service on the Island of Elba or somewhere.

23
00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:56.000
The other had been called up and he'd come by the house.

24
00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:00.000
Then he had to go to Turin to pick up some food

25
00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:04.000
to take to his barracks as provisions.

26
00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:07.000
He said, "It's September 8, I'm not  mounting that horse any more.

27
00:02:08.000 --> 00:02:10.000
"I'm not going."

28
00:02:11.000 --> 00:02:13.000
My father said, "No, you're going to get onto that horse

29
00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:16.000
and you're going to deliver the provisions.

30
00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:20.000
"We don't even know where your brother is, we can't …"

31
00:02:21.000 --> 00:02:23.000
"No, no, I'm not going".

32
00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:25.000
So my father came to call me.

33
00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:28.000
I was out in the pastures with the goats.

34
00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:31.000
My father said, "Come home, the two of us have got to go

35
00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:34.000
"with the cart with the provisions.

36
00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:40.000
"We're going to Pinerolo to deliver them."

37
00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:44.000
We arrived at the barracks. It was a day I'll never forget, September

38
00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:47.000
We delivered everything and said,

39
00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:52.000
"This is all the stuff from Novarese, Michele," and they thanked us.

40
00:02:55.000 --> 00:02:59.000
We had one bike to go home on, one bike for two people.

41
00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:01.000
My father lifted me onto the crossbar.

42
00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:06.000
On the way through Pinerolo, the chain broke and we ended up on foot.

43
00:03:07.000 --> 00:03:09.000
It must be about 15 kilometers from Pinerolo to Volvera,

44
00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:12.000
and we had to walk all the way home.

45
00:03:13.000 --> 00:03:17.000
Meanwhile, after three or four days in which getting about was hard,

46
00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:20.000
my other brother managed to arrive home at last,.

47
00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:24.000
He'd been near La Spezia.

48
00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:27.000
He arrived on foot disguised as a woman.

49
00:03:28.000 --> 00:03:30.000
He was eligible for conscription, but he said,

50
00:03:31.000 --> 00:03:33.000
"No, I'm not going to sign up".  "What do you mean?"

52
00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:38.000
My father had some friends up in the valley.

53
00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:41.000
They said, "Send the boy up and we'll hide him".

54
00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:44.000
The boys were wanted.

55
00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:47.000
My brother stayed in the Val Chisone for a month, a month and a half.

56
00:03:48.000 --> 00:03:50.000
Then winter came.

57
00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:55.000
In the meantime, groups of partisans had formed in the valleys.

58
00:03:56.000 --> 00:04:01.000
Young men who didn't want to end up at the Republic of Salò.

59
00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:06.000
The winter came, the weather got cold and my brother had to come down.

60
00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:08.000
So we told him,

62
00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:18.000
We didn't know how it would all end up or how long it would take.

63
00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:24.000
He went up there, at first there were only a few of them.

64
00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:27.000
But then they formed small groups.

65
00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:32.000
For every 15-20 men, there was one commanding officer.

66
00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:35.000
Theirs was called Adolfo, he was a tough guy,

67
00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:40.000
Never mind the monarchists, he was a proper communist.

68
00:04:41.000 --> 00:04:50.000
He was from Romagna, from the banks of the River Po.

69
00:04:51.000 --> 00:04:53.000
So they formed these groups.

70
00:04:54.000 --> 00:04:57.000
They were content to sleep on beds of leaves.

71
00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:00.000
I took my brother a blanket.

72
00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:03.000
For food they had to make do with what they had.

73
00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:06.000
The valley people used to help them.

74
00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:11.000
By night, they secretly took them bits of bread, whatever.

75
00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:14.000
And they used to sleep in the bushes.

76
00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:18.000
In the open, without weapons or anything.

77
00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:22.000
They were getting ready, but they didn't know what would happen.

78
00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:25.000
Nobody knew how things would turn out.

79
00:05:26.000 --> 00:05:27.000
Talk about stragglers!

81
00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:39.000
There I met Campana, the commanding officer, the Marchese.

82
00:05:40.000 --> 00:05:43.000
He asked me, "Renata, what's the latest news down on the plain?"

83
00:05:44.000 --> 00:05:46.000
I said, "There are some odd goings-on".

84
00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:50.000
People were awkward then, it wasn't easy to fathom them.

85
00:05:51.000 --> 00:05:53.000
"Well, let's hope everything changes."

86
00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:56.000
Then he said goodbye and went off.

87
00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:02.000
Two days later, it was August 1944, my neighbour said,

88
00:06:03.000 --> 00:06:06.000
"I'm going out to pick mushrooms. Why don't you come too?"

89
00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:13.000
"Yeah, I'll come. While you pick mushrooms, I'll go up the valley,

90
00:06:14.000 --> 00:06:19.000
then pop down to Giaveno to get the latest news"

91
00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:23.000
Down on the plain there were lots of suspicious things happening.

92
00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:27.000
Something wasn't working properly.

93
00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:31.000
So I went and we stopped to eat an apple we had with us.

94
00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:34.000
All of a sudden, we saw some smoke.

95
00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:37.000
First, there had been no mist, now there was.

96
00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:40.000
Then two women came along, all flustered.

97
00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:43.000
"Run away, run away!"  they shouted. "There's a roundup in progress!"

98
00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:45.000
"Run away, run away!"

99
00:06:46.000 --> 00:06:47.000
My neighbour was older than me.

100
00:06:48.000 --> 00:06:50.000
In Piedmontese dialect, he said, "Good God! Where can we go?"

102
00:06:53.000 --> 00:06:54.000
They were people from the valley.

103
00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:56.000
"Take your stick and go and pretend you're gathering hay!"

104
00:06:57.000 --> 00:07:00.000
"I'll take the Colletta road and, instead of going to see the others,

105
00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:04.000
"I'll see if I can find the path home."

106
00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:08.000
So I walked the whole day long through the nettles,

107
00:07:09.000 --> 00:07:11.000
and I got home at half past nine at night.

108
00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:15.000
I was all scratched and had stings all over my legs.

109
00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:18.000
The neigbour's wife said, "Where's my Pierin got to?"

110
00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:21.000
Don't worry," I said, "he's hiding up there in a bush."


::.000 --> 00:07:27.000
We'd left the bikes in the village of Allivellatori.

112
00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:35.000
Anyhow, I eventually got home, a walk of 30-35 kilometers.

113
00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:38.000
Two days later, Pierin got home too.

114
00:07:39.000 --> 00:07:42.000
So then we set off on foot, we had no other means of transport,

115
00:07:43.000 --> 00:07:49.000
to collect our things. It was August

116
00:07:51.000 --> 00:07:55.000
The lads had been up in the mountains since November

117
00:07:56.000 --> 00:08:01.000
In August '44, the very day that we went up,

118
00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:05.000
they captured Cordero di Pamparato, the Marchese.

119
00:08:06.000 --> 00:08:09.000
Campana, he was nicknamed Campana.

120
00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:15.000
An old  schoolmate of his had a false password.

121
00:08:16.000 --> 00:08:19.000
Campana's sight wasn't so good and he didn't recognize him.

122
00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:23.000
They captured him and the day after they hanged him.

123
00:08:24.000 --> 00:08:28.000
He refused to be saved, though they could have saved him.

124
00:08:29.000 --> 00:08:33.000
He said, "I was born a noble, and I want to die a noble".

125
00:08:34.000 --> 00:08:36.000
It had been a old schoolmate.

126
00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:39.000
They hanged Campana in Giaveno.

127
00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:42.000
In four or four days, they hanged four men from the balcony.

128
00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:45.000
They wouldn't let anyone go near.

129
00:08:46.000 --> 00:08:49.000
My sister said, "Let's take the bikes and go to Giaveno.

130
00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:52.000
"Let's go to the parish church and ask".

131
00:08:53.000 --> 00:08:55.000
They said, "There's one who's very dark and small".

132
00:08:56.000 --> 00:09:00.000
My brother was dark and small.

133
00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:03.000
We went to ask the priest, but he said,

134
00:09:04.000 --> 00:09:07.000
"No, I confessed them and gave them my blessing.

135
00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:11.000
"One was the Marchese, two are from the Val Pellice,

136
::.000 --> 00:09:14.000
partisans from the Val Pellice, and one's from Turin".

137
00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:16.000
We went home and we said,

138
00:09:17.000 --> 00:09:19.000
"He's alive. He must be there somewhere."

139
00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:22.000
They hanged the others and left them for a few days.

140
00:09:23.000 --> 00:09:27.000
The lads had no one to command them.

141
00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:30.000
Campana's  friend, who was a surgeon at the Molinette hospital,

142
00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:35.000
and was from Giaveno himself, the "Professor",

143
00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:39.000
and was already helping, privately and externally, said

144
00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:42.000
"I'm leaving the hospital and I'm going up to lead the boys".

145
00:09:43.000 --> 00:09:47.000
He took a doctor with him, Isabella De Gennaro, "la Dottoressa".

146
00:09:49.000 --> 00:09:55.000
He left the Molinette hospital and he joined the lads in their huts.

147
00:09:56.000 --> 00:09:58.000
That's all they had, they used to sleep on the leaves.

148
00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:01.000
The Marchese could have slept at home in a nice soft bed,

151
00:10:09.000 --> 00:10:13.000
until the start of December

152
00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:18.000
Then there was a series of reprisals.

153
00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:21.000
There'd already been some before.

154
00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:27.000
In May '44, they'd killed a lot of civilians.

155
00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:32.000
The partisans said, "We've got to get away from here,

156
00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:36.000
"because they're killing all these people".

157
00:10:37.000 --> 00:10:42.000
But the valley dwellers were''t say anything.

158
00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:45.000
The men decided to come down to the plain.

159
00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:48.000
My brother said, "I'll take some of you to my house.

160
00:10:49.000 --> 00:10:51.000
"There's a barn."

161
00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:54.000
He brought twelve of them.

162
00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:57.000
They all slept in one room

163
00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:00.000
and they used the barn as their bathroom,

164
00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:03.000
in between the two horses.

165
00:11:04.000 --> 00:11:10.000
Another man who commanded a bit was from Rivalta.

167
00:11:11.000 --> 00:11:14.000
He tried to bring down fourteen or fifteen.

168
00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:18.000
He put them up in the farms nearby.

169
00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:23.000
Most of them went to Nichelino and thereabouts.

170
00:11:24.000 --> 00:11:26.000
That was the biggest group.

171
00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:30.000
I reckon there were more than a hundred men in the Campana brigade.

172
00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:34.000
Then there was the other division, the Sergio De Vitis,

173
00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:38.000
which was the 43rd Garibaldi division.

174
00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:43.000
The commanding officer was killed in Sangano,

175
00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:46.000
in the battle for the powder magazine.

176
00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:49.000
At any rate, the men were put up here and there.

177
00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:52.000
But how were we supposed to feed them?

178
00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:55.000
We hadn't the means to do it.

179
00:11:56.000 --> 00:11:58.000
The neighbors were very fond of us.

180
00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:02.000
One brought salami, another brought a bit of bread.

181
00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:06.000
The men made the best of it.

183
00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:16.000
He'd been parachuted to transmit Radio London.

184
00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:19.000
We didn't know where to hide him.

185
00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:23.000
If they'd caught us with him, we'd all have been taken away.

186
00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:29.000
In None, near us, there was a man, a doctor who wasn't working as a doctor.

187
00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:33.000
He told use there was a ruined, deconsecrated church.

188
00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:35.000
"Let's put him in there."

189
00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:39.000
Just think, a person like that living in a deconsecrated church!

190
00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:43.000
From December onwards, went to wait for him at six o'clock in the evening i

191
00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:45.000
He didn't go around on his own.

192
00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.000
They used to send me, saying.

193
00:12:49.000 --> 00:12:51.000
"Go on your bike to None to wait for O'Regan."

194
00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:54.000
He used to come and shut himself up in the house in the dark.

195
00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:58.000
We could get Radio London so we knew all about the withdrawals,

196
00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:03.000
what the situation was in the rest of Italy, everything.

197
00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:05.000
This man came along and said,

198
00:13:07.000 --> 00:13:07.000
"He doesn't go out on his own.

199
00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:09.000
"You've got to go to pick him up every night,

200
00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:11.000
"then take him home again."

201
00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:14.000
Poor soul! My sister said she'd make some gnocchi

202
00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:17.000
to have something to offer him.

203
00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:20.000
I said, "He's eating all the gnocchi raw!

204
00:13:21.000 --> 00:13:23.000
He's obviously hungry".

205
00:13:25.000 --> 00:13:28.000
He came from December 7 onwards,

206
00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:31.000
In the meantime, the men had got themselves organized.

207
00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:36.000
We'd had the chance to get a truck in Turin

208
00:13:37.000 --> 00:13:39.000
to get ready for the entrance into Turin.

209
00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:42.000
There was a man who had been evacuated to Volvera.

210
00:13:43.000 --> 00:13:46.000
They used to come to sleep here on account of the bombing.

211
00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:50.000
He worked at Stipel, the equivalent of Telecom today.

212
00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:54.000
He used to come occasionally at night.

213
00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:57.000
He knew the lads were upstairs.

214
00:13:58.000 --> 00:14:02.000
"Tomorrow," he said, "there's a new truck leaving the depot."

215
00:14:03.000 --> 00:14:05.000
"Really?" I said and let him talk.

216
00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:08.000
Then I went upstairs and knocked at the lads' door.

217
00:14:09.000 --> 00:14:18.000
"LIsten, there's a truck. We should go and get it to enter Turin with."

218
00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:20.000
That was in the January.

219
00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:26.000
"We need a vehicle. You can't liberate Turin on foot."

220
00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:29.000
The commanding officer said,

221
00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.000
"Take your bike at six 'o'clock tomorrow morning and go to Turin".

222
00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:39.000
The place was near Porta Susa, the depot.

223
00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:43.000
Then he said to my brother and another partisan who was staying,

224
00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:46.000
who  knew how to drive,

225
00:14:47.000 --> 00:14:50.000
"You set off on your bikes later, but don't go all the way there.

226
00:14:51.000 --> 00:14:58.000
"Stop in Corso Vittorio. She'll go and check that all's quiet in Turin."

227
00:14:59.000 --> 00:15:03.000
It was a quiet morning, all was calm.

228
00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:06.000
I went back and said to the other two,

229
00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:09.000
"Come on, the trucks leave at eight o'clock".

230
00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:13.000
It was a quarter to eight when they got there.

231
00:15:14.000 --> 00:15:15.000
The driver tried to come out,

232
00:15:16.000 --> 00:15:18.000
but they threw themselves in front of the truck,

233
00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:20.000
and it's not as if he could run them over.

234
00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:22.000
They asked him politely,

235
00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:25.000
"Get out, we need the truck. Don't say anything.

236
00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:27.000
Don't call for help and don't talk".

237
00:15:28.000 --> 00:15:30.000
The man was frightened, but they made him shut up.

238
00:15:31.000 --> 00:15:33.000
They put their bikes on the truck and got in,

239
00:15:34.000 --> 00:15:35.000
and they wanted me to get in too.

240
00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:37.000
I said, "No, I'm going home on my bike.

241
00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:40.000
"You set off and I'll see you in Volvera".

242
00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:43.000
When we got there, the problem was where to put the truck.

244
00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:56.000
There are some farms along a river there. Lamagna.

245
00:15:57.000 --> 00:16:01.000
We said, "Let's hide it there, we need it to enter Turin with.

246
00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:07.000
"We need a vehicle to liberate Turin".

247
00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:09.000
So they hid it.

248
00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.000
At night the partisans went to two or three of these farms.

249
00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:16.000
They gave them some wood.

250
00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:19.000
And they put the wood on the truck to camouflage it.

251
00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:23.000
So we had a truck for them to enter Turin on.

252
00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:27.000
We'd also received some weapons from the British.

253
00:16:28.000 --> 00:16:30.000
My father made a hole in the henhouse to hide them.

254
00:16:31.000 --> 00:16:36.000
We got a few Sten guns, a few parables, a few pistols.

255
00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:38.000
Then I did something cheeky.

256
00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:42.000
My sister used to go to help in a trattoria in Airasca.

257
00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:49.000
There were some Germans there running the military air field.

258
00:16:51.000 --> 00:16:54.000
One of them … they had enough money to drink beer ...

259
00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:57.000
We didn't even have water.

260
00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:00.000
One of them used to get drunk drinking beer,

261
00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:04.000
then snored for two or three hours and dropped his gun.

262
00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:07.000
One night my sister came home and said,

263
00:17:018.000 --> 00:17:11.000
"There's a German who gets drunk, then drops his gun".

264
00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:13.000
"Where does he drop it?"

265
00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:16.000
"He just drops it there, stays for two or three hours, then leaves."

266
00:17:17.000 --> 00:17:19.000
Then she said, "Don't come tomorrow to stick your nose in!"

267
00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:21.000
"No, no," I replied.

268
00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:24.000
Next morning I took my bike and a newspaper,

269
00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:27.000
because we didn't have any bags.

270
00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:30.000
I set off and they were at this trattoria nearby.

271
00:17:31.000 --> 00:17:33.000
The man was lying there, snoring like a pig,

272
00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:36.000
and the gun was two or three metres away from him.

273
00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:39.000
I stared at it for a while.

274
00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:41.000
The others gestured to me, "No, don' t touch it!".

275
00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:44.000
I said "You think I've come all the way and I'm not taking it!?"

276
00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:47.000
So I stole it and set off on my bike.

277
00:17:48.000 --> 00:17:49.000
When the man woke up he couldn't find his gun any more.

278
00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:53.000
I rode five kilometers and arrived at the entrance to Volvera.

279
00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:55.000
"I've made it!" I said.

280
00:17:56.000 --> 00:17:58.000
At the Chisola bridge, I said, "I'm coming",

281
00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:02.000
and I went to see Adolfo, who was leading the boys there.

282
00:18:03.000 --> 00:18:07.000
I said, "Signor Adolfo, I've got a gun here".

283
00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:11.000
"Where did you get it?"  "I got it off the German."

284
00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:13.000
"Where?"  "In Airasca?"

285
00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:19.000
"How did you get it?"  "He was drunk and he dropped it."

286
00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:24.000
"Give it to me!"  "Ah, so now you need the gun, do you?"

287
00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:28.000
"Tomorrow morning we'll settle things," he said

288
00:18:29.000 --> 00:18:32.000
As a punishment, because I'd risked my life,

289
00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:35.000
he tied me up outside the house, on the road,

290
00:18:36.000 --> 00:18:37.000
with my hands behind my back,

291
00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:40.000
and made me stand three hours tied to a pole.

292
00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:43.000
There was a funeral and it was a small village.

293
00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:46.000
Now there are more than 8,000 of us,

294
00:18:47.000 --> 00:18:49.000
but in those days there were 1,600 or 1,700.

295
00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:51.000
Everybody was asking my father,

296
00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:55.000
"Giovannatto, why's your daughter tied up there?"

297
00:18:56.000 --> 00:18:59.000
"She's obviously done something wrong."

298
00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:02.000
At all events, the gun served a purpose.

299
00:19:03.000 --> 00:19:06.000
It was  a contribution to the cause.

300
00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:09.000
We tried to be useful however we could.

301
00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:12.000
LIke when they used to drop the parachutes.

302
00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:15.000
My sister made me a blouse with the silk .

303
00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:18.000
I wore it on April 26 when I went to Turin.

304
00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:21.000
I've got a photograph of me in Piazza Castello

305
00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:24.000
with scraps of the parachute.

306
00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.000
I had to take care of the Englishman from December

307
00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:33.000
until April

308
00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:42.000
Then Turin was liberated and our boys went to Bardassano, in the hills up from Chieri.

309
00:19:43.000 --> 00:19:47.000
Then the "Professor" and some others set out from the Molinette hospital.

310
00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:51.000
Those were the early days of the hospital, it wasn't like it is today.

311
00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:55.000
The "Professor" said, "I'll hide a few people in the cellar".

312
00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:01.000
Thanks to the nuns, some boys lived comfortably there for two or three days.

313
00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:08.000
They gave them food to eat. They were starving, but they got food there.

314
00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:15.000
On April 25 they decided to go to the Fascist headquarters,

315
00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:24.000
where there's now a university faculty building.

316
00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:28.000
They set off and went  down Via Carlo Alberto.

317
00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:31.000
"We've got to go this way," they said.

318
00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:34.000
Everyone had a plan to follow.

319
00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:37.000
The others came down from Bardassano.

320
00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:40.000
They came into Turin and entered the Fascist headquarters.

321
00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:45.000
For two or three days a lot went on.

322
00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:51.000
Turin was completely liberated on the 28th or 29th.

323
00:20:52.000 --> 00:20:54.000
They got to the headquarters, but it wasn't at all easy.

324
00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:58.000
My brother said, "Inside there we found everything imaginable".

325
00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:03.000
Heads, fingernails … they used to torture people.

326
00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:08.000
There was a hotel nearby in Via Carlo Alberto, in fact it's still there.

327
00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:11.000
I often used to pass by there.

328
00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:15.000
They used to take prisoners from the Nuove gaol to torture them there.

329
00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:21.000
They used to torture people and some were even deported.

330
00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:26.000
There's one partisan who's still alive, Angelo Audano,

331
00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:29.000
who was on the black list.

332
00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:32.000
He was supposed to leave for the concentration camps.

333
00:21:33.000 --> 00:21:36.000
Some people were obviously well-connected

334
00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:42.000
and some were occasionally let off.

335
00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:47.000
Audano was lucky because he didn't go to a concentration camp.

336
00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:50.000
He wandered around Turin for three or four days.

337
00:21:51.000 --> 00:21:56.000
Eventually … it must have been March …

338
00:21:57.000 --> 00:22:01.000
he got to Nichelino, where he was from, safe and sound.

339
00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:04.000
He avoided going to a concentration camp.

340
00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:10.000
The "Professor", who was a very good doctor, came by our place,

341
00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:14.000
then he went to Giaveno, where they helped him a lot.

342
00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:17.000
Forget about Osvaldo Napoli, the present mayor.

343
00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:27.000
The fact is that the podestà helped a lot.

344
00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:32.000
The "Professor" wanted to be called by his nome de guerre,

345
00:22:33.000 --> 00:22:36.000
It was the switchboard number of the Molinette hospital.

340
00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:41.000
Nom de guerre 696, "Prufe".


::.000 --> 00:22:52.000
When the OK arrived, they set off and liberated Turin and a few days went by.

342
00:22:53.000 --> 00:22:56.000
The Russians hadn't come down from the mountains.

343
00:22:57.000 --> 00:22:59.000
They went to pick them up on the 23rd.

344
00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:03.000
There were thirteen or fourteen Russians with the partisans.

345
00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:06.000
They said, "No, no, we're dying of hunger"

346
00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:09.000
but the mountain people gave them three or four bits and pieces,

347
00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:11.000
or maybe seven or eight, secretly.

348
00:23:13.000 --> 00:23:15.000
I used to take them eggs every week and vermouth.

349
00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:19.000
There was a chocolate factory in None that used to give them to me.

350
00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:22.000
I used to go on my bike get them.

351
00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:25.000
They gave me a bit of chocolate, two bottles of vermouth

352
00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:27.000
and we used to say,

353
00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:30.000
"Here at least you've got something,

354
00:23:31.000 --> 00:23:33.000
let's take them something up there to them too".

355
00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:35.000
There were twelve or thirteen Russians.

356
00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:39.000
On the 23rd, they went to get the truck, when there was plenty going on.

357
00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:42.000
They went to collect them up from Giaveno.

358
00:23:43.000 --> 00:23:44.000
First they went there, then they picked up the others.

359
00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:47.000
Then they went to Rivalta to collect the other group.

360
00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:51.000
Then on to Nichelino for the rest,

361
00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:56.000
and they got into position for the withdrawal from Turin.

362
00:23:57.000 --> 00:24:01.000
Anyway, there were reprisals and unutterable things happened.

363
00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:05.000
We weren't rich and we used to eat what we could,

364
00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:08.000
what with having to maintain the others too.

365
00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:11.000
As I said, Volvera wished us well.

366
00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:16.000
The night we set off with the truck …

367
00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:22.000
There was a Sicilian. He was a good lad but he had a stutter.

368
00:24:23.000 --> 00:24:25.000
"P--p-p-put a stone down."

369
00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:27.000
"You put it down!"

370
00:24:28.000 --> 00:24:30.000
You had to take trucks and cars as you found them then.

371
00:24:31.000 --> 00:24:33.000
It wasn't all automatic as it is now.

372
00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:36.000
Anyhow, they entered Turin with the truck.

373
00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:43.000
Then they set off and they went to free the Fascist headquarters.

374
00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:46.000
For three or four days all hell broke loose.

375
00:24:47.000 --> 00:24:50.000
On the 26th I wanted to go to Turin.

376
00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:53.000
My family said, "No, are you mad?"

377
00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:58.000
But no, I went all the way on my bike, with all the papers hidden in the handlebars.

378
00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:01.000
I went to look for the men. We knew what to expect.

379
00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:04.000
Then we didn't have telephones or anything.

380
00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.000
I went to see O'Regan. the famous Englishman, and he said,

381
00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:15.000
"Renata, goodbye. I'm going to France,

382
00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:20.000
but I'll send you news and when I get back to England,

383
00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:23.000
I hope to be in touch and I'll come to see you".

384
00:25:24.000 --> 00:25:26.000
He wrote me a letter from France,

385
00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:29.000
then I never heard from him again.

386
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:32.000
I said to the commanding officer Giulio Nicoletta,

387
00:25:33.000 --> 00:25:35.000
"Giulio, O'Regan promised me he'd send news!"

388
00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:38.000
He said, "You mean you didn't hear what happened?"

389
00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:41.000
He had died of a heart attack in France,

390
00:25:42.000 --> 00:25:44.000
that Englishman I used to take around.

391
00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:46.000
If they'd ever caught me with him!

392
00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:48.000
He kept making me fall off my bike.

393
00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:51.000
because he couldn't ride properly.

394
00:25:52.000 --> 00:25:54.000
There was a lot of snow lying, the road was bad.

395
00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:56.000
He kept stopping at the bends,

396
00:25:57.000 --> 00:25:58.000
and I would run into him from behind.

397
00:25:59.000 --> 00:26:00.000
I always got home with bruised knees.

398
00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:03.000
I used to say, "'Prufe', look what a state I'm in!"

398
00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:07.000
"That's nothing. Come here and I'll medicate it for you.

399
00:26:08.000 --> 00:26:10.000
"That's nothing compared to everything else that's going on.

400
00:26:11.000 --> 00:26:12.000
"Just grin and bear it!"

401
00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:17.000
What I mean is that we tried to help and do our best.

402
00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:21.000
We managed to get the Sten guns, the Parabels, the few weapons we had.

403
00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:26.000
Then there was the gun I gave them, that proved useful.

404
00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:30.000
"It was loaded!"   "So what, I took it home loaded."

405
00:26:31.000 --> 00:26:35.000
"Were you mad?!"  "If you don't want it, I'll throw it away."

406
00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:38.000
"No, no, no, we need it, we'll keep it.

407
00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:40.000
"Of course we need it."

408
00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:44.000
That was the ordeal of the Resistance for me.

409
00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:50.000
For over sixty years I've always gone to Ossuary.

410
00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:54.000
There are people writing about it.

411
00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:57.000
They've written some good books about the valley.

412
00:26:58.000 --> 00:27:01.000
Gianni Oliva has written numerous books

413
00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:03.000
about the Resistance on the outskirts of Turin.

414
00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:07.000
Whatsisname  wrote another.

415
00:26:08.000 --> 00:26:10.000
There's one entailed "Abbracciati per sempre" (Embraced Forever).

416
00:26:11.000 --> 00:26:13.000
I've got all the books.

417
00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:18.000
Every time a book was presented, they'd call  and give me a copy.

418
00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:23.000
I said, "What we did for an ideal!"

419
00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:27.000
Nowadays people are so pretentious, they're so unsatisfied.

420
00:27:28.000 --> 00:27:35.000
It's not worth it, we did it for an ideal.

421
00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:38.000
We risked our homes and everything.

422
00:27:39.000 --> 00:27:41.000
We managed to save our humble house.

423
00:27:42.000 --> 00:27:45.000
At any rate, the night before they set off in the truck,

424
00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:50.000
the band accompanied them to the outskirts of the village,

425
00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:53.000
when they left Baldassano.

426
00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:56.000
The band accompanied them.

427
00:27:57.000 --> 00:28:00.000
Who else was there? The mayor at the time.

428
00:28:01.000 --> 00:28:05.000
Nando, the first mayor we had in

429
00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:09.000
He was a "Nennista", a follower of Nenni.

430
00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:13.000
We received a certificate of merit from Rome,

431
00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:20.000
signed by Eisenhower and all the others who were around then.

432
00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:24.000
It said Novarese, Battista inside,

433
00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:28.000
but on the envelope it had our nickname, Petri.

434
00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:33.000
The envelope arrived from Rome addressed to the Petri family, Volvera, Turin.

435
00:28:34.000 --> 00:28:35.000
and inside there was the certificate of merit

436
00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:41.000
that they give us because we'd risked everything.

437
00:28:42.000 --> 00:28:47.000
We risked our house and we have to say that Volvera was good to us.

438
00:28:48.000 --> 00:28:51.000
The people helped us to feed the boys.

439
00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:56.000
Never mind chickens and rabbits, we just ate what we could.

440
00:28:57.000 --> 00:28:59.000
We did it all for an ideal.

441
00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:06.000
I'd like young people today to remember a little just what war means,

442
00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:11.000
because it isn't easy to forget, it's not simple.

443
00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:13.000
If I think of the kilometers I travelled on my bike!

444
00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:18.000
They made a hole in the handlebar to hide messages inside.

445
00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:26.000
I used to go to this village where a lady had a "piola", a sort of bottle shop.

446
00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:29.000
She used to hide the food I took behind the counter

447
00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:32.000
and then passed it on.

448
00:29:33.000 --> 00:29:35.000
I also left the messages with her.

449
00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:40.000
There were lots of people in Volvera who wished us well and helped us.

450
00:29:41.000 --> 00:29:43.000
The man who lived opposite us,

451
00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:47.000
whenever he heard anything suspicious going on … all the lights were out …

452
00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:51.000
used to throw soil under the doors,

453
00:29:52.000 --> 00:29:54.000
so we could understand that something was happening

454
00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:57.000
and they'd turn Radio London off.

455
00:29:58.000 --> 00:29:59.000
And we all shushed up.

456
00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:01.000
It all worked out well in the end.

457
00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:05.000
They wished us well, Volvera was right behind us.

458
00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:08.000
The priest helped us a lot too.

459
00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:11.000
We use to take messages to the parish church.

461
00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:17.000
"tell him to that this or that has happened,

462
00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:20.000
"that there's been an air drop"

463
00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:23.000
Or else "The meadow's in flower", we all knew what that meant.

464
00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:26.000
Aldo used to say "Twenty six times one", he meant our weapons.

465
00:30:27.000 --> 00:30:32.000
The first time the weapons arrived, we were going to confession.

466
00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:35.000
They were for the Val Chisone.

467
00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:38.000
We said, "Ah, so weapons have come?

468
00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:40.000
"They're actually sending them here?

469
00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:44.000
"We have to go and find them for ourselves.

470
00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:46.000
We're going to keep them".

471
00:30:47.000 --> 00:30:50.000
We'll let them have another air drop with Mom and something else, some other medicine.

472
00:30:51.000 --> 00:30:53.000
Let's keep it all.

473
00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:57.000
In short, we'd got ourselves equipped with a few rifles and the like.

474
00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:03.000
At any rate, there were many, many difficult moments.

475
00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:07.000
We suffered from hunger without complaining too much.

467
00:31:08.000 --> 00:31:12.000
We managed to get hold of some of that army fabric,

477
00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:18.000
which we dyed to make overcoats, brown and grey-green.

478
00:31:19.000 --> 00:31:24.000
I said, "Even now they'd do the same". Now nothing's enough.

479
00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:31.000
Marchese Cordero di Pamparato, nicknamed Campana,

480
00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:36.000
with some difficulty because the Marchesa was opposed to the idea,

482
00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:43.000
His son agreed immediately.

483
00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:50.000
I said, "If you haven't got a photo, I have. A nice big one".

484
00:31:51.000 --> 00:31:53.000
But he gave us one.

485
00:31:54.000 --> 00:31:55.000
I have one at home too.

486
00:31:56.000 --> 00:31:57.000
I've got photos of dogs and cats,

487
00:31:58.000 --> 00:32:02.000
and I've also go some photographs of groups of partisans.

488
00:32:03.000 --> 00:32:05.000
Poor lads, only twenty years of age.

489
00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:08.000
They took these photographs of them up in the valley

490
00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:11.000
with those mountain women.

491
00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:17.000
What were those lads supposed to do, they were only twenty?

492
00:31:19.000 --> 00:31:23.000
Anyway we dyed some material and made an overcoat.

493
00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:26.000
We had no money to buy one.

494
00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:32.000
The town of Giaveno received a gold medal for military valour.

495
00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:37.000
They also gave Campana a gold medal.

496
00:32:38.000 --> 00:32:40.000
His son said to me,

497
00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:43.000
"Listen, Renata, I'll prepare you a photocopy

498
00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:48.000
"of the document from the Ministry of War of the Italian Republic".

499
00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:50.000
He had erased the word "Republic", because he was a monarchist.

500
00:32:51.000 --> 00:32:52.000
But that doesn't matter.

501
00:32:53.000 --> 00:32:56.000
Anyone can have their own idea, as long as they aren't Fascists.

502
00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:01.000
I've got an ANPI card, the National Association of Partisans.

503
00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:04.000
because I was against all that.

504
00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:08.000
Now I've made our mayor join too.

505
00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:10.000
"Join ANPI!" I told him.

506
00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:13.000
Do you want a card too? We'll join you up.

507
00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:15.000
Let's form a group.

508
00:33:16.000 --> 00:33:19.000
I had them bring a flag from Turin for the 150th anniversary of  Italian unification.

509
00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:25.000
Amoruso invited me to the Soggiorno Mariuccia rest home.

510
00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:30.000
Lacopo had them send an ANPI flag from Turin.

511
00:33:31.000 --> 00:33:34.000
I've been to a number of congresses in Turin.

512
00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:38.000
At any rate, I said,

513
00:33:39.000 --> 00:33:42.000
"You could have avoided that, Francesco, why erase 'Republic'?

514
00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:45.000
If you don't want to read the word, don't read it".

516
00:33:51.000 --> 00:33:57.000
His father made a choice that wasn't easy.

517
00:33:58.000 --> 00:34:01.000
Anyhow he gave me the photocopy of the gold medal.

518
00:34:02.000 --> 00:34:04.000
I've got everything at home.

519
00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:07.000
I've got a complete photograph album

520
00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:10.000
of when they entered Turin.

521
00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:17.000
For fourth months at our house we risked everything.

522
00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:20.000
If they'd caught us!

524
00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:23.000
We obviously weren't meant to die.

525
00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:28.000
Otherwise we couldn't have hidden all those people and so on.

526
00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:31.000
We did it for an ideal.

527
00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:34.000
I'll never forget it.

528
00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:38.000
In fact, I've ordered the town hall and handed in a letter

529
00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:43.000
that when I die, they'll have my name engraved

530
00:34:44.000 --> 00:34:48.000
In the tomb of the Campana war dead.

531
00:34:49.000 --> 00:34:53.000
I want a small plaque with my name, surname, date of birth,

532
00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:56.000
Doctor Andreis's name is there,

533
00:34:57.000 --> 00:35:02.000
Nando, the first mayor, his name's there too.

534
00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:05.000
I told the mayor to put my name inside

535
00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:09.000
on my death … my relatives know nothing about it …

536
00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.000
to show them my letter and have my name engraved in the tomb of the war dead.

537
00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:20.000
I've always followed them and gone every year, not just once a year.

538
00:35:21.000 --> 00:35:24.000
Now I've found a teacher to take me.

539
00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:28.000
She goes for your father, Di Domenico she's called.

540
00:35:29.000 --> 00:35:34.000
It was she who took me to the Ossuary for the ceremony.

541
00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:37.000
When the school term ends, I'm going to take her

542
00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:40.000
to the Historical Institute of the Resistance.

543
00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:43.000
It's worth seeing in Turin.

544
00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:46.000
It's all there, we're all there.

545
00:35:47.000 --> 00:35:49.000
When I retired I went to the army offices.

546
00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:53.000
We as partisans were paid off in

547
00:35:54.000 --> 00:35:59.000
They kept us on as if they were hoping something would happen.

548
00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:03.000
They didn't pay us off in 1945, like other combatants.

549
00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:07.000
I went there once.

550
00:36:08.000 --> 00:36:10.000
Nicoletta said, "You're straight after me".

551
00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:17.000
My rank was lieutenant, they'd promoted me!

552
00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:19.000
I've just told Carmen,

553
00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:22.000
"This summer, I'll take you, but we'll take sandwiches with us

554
00:36:23.000 --> 00:36:25.000
because there's so much to look at.

555
00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:29.000
In fact, one lady who was studying for a degree

556
00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:36.000
with a thesis on the Resistance in the Val